WPC|  tӃf09ao_9ϕ6,0}b%: gC&wʡwD#TETDS VxplA!Ub_~5$/)vԯ z֜^}mUmLn0А6bʯZ $\ \IOc',t/+3J r<`"wv`4+0qbl:K\>FtrAFB[c7^8LNcoC7I xMc7z918QnӪL>F Q b f b a f3 a5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I B_ HP LaserJet 1100 (MS),,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($UKUS.,<4 9Z+.Courier New Regular~- M,U*9*Suite83|xU%\  `&Times New Roman- -- -TABLE ATABLE B e  d !UKUS.,  _8XXdd8OUSUK.,   BABYBOOMERPARENTS,GENXKIDS,ANDSPIRITUALITY     RogerL.Dudley,Ed.D.andGyungGuKim,Ph.D.      Doesarelationshipexistbetweenthespiritualandparentingpracticesofbabyboomer L  parentsandtheirteenaged,generationXchildren?Thispaperexploresthisquestionby 8  examiningdatafromatenyearlongitudinalstudycommissionedbytheSeventhdayAdventist $ t ChurchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Themajorpurposeofthisinvestigation,whichbegan  ` in1987,wastodiscovertherateofdropoutfromthechurchandsuggestmeansforheightening  L  retention.Secondaryanalysesallowustoaddressthequestionposedabove.  8    Usingastratifiedrandommethod,695churcheswereselectedsoastoproportionately   representtheAdventistmembershipinthosetwocountries.Thentheclerkofeachchurchwas   askedtosendthenamesandaddressesofallyoungpeoplewhowereeither15or16yearsold   andwhoweremembersofthatchurch.Clerksof659churches(95%)responded.Theteenagers   wereinvitedbylettertoparticipate,and1523responded.Thisgroupwasmailedanew p questionnaireeachyearforthetenyears.Atthecutoffofdatacollectionintheautumnof1997, \ 783youngadultshadreturnedthetenthyearquestionnaire.The783"survivors"representabout H 51%oftheoriginalsample(1523)thatbeganin1987-quiteremarkableaftertenyears.If, 4 however,thoseforwhomnovalidaddressesareknownandthosewhohaverequestedtobe  p droppedfromthesample-atotalof311-aredeletedfromthepoolbecausetheyneverreceived  \ thetenthsurveyand,therefore,couldnotfillitout,thiswouldleave1212potentialrespondents H andmakethereturnrateabout65%. 4 @QQ& Variables @@*UK.,US.,USUK.,Ԉ     Todetermineifearlyhomeinfluencesplayapartinthereligiouscommitmentof  teenagersandyoungadults,thequestionnaireinyearnine(199596)includedthefollowing  sectionadaptedfromtheParentalBondingInstrument(PBI)byParker,Tupling,andBrown l (1979)."Asyouthinkbackonyourlifebefore16yearsofage,howdidyourmotherandfather X  treatyou?Belowisalistof25behaviors.Pleaseanswerasfollows:1=verylikethem; D! 2=moderatelylikethem;3=moderatelyunlikethem;4=veryunlikethem;5=notapplicable 0"  becausenoparentcontact."Respondentsansweredseparatelyforfatherandmother.Ofcourse, #l! thesewereperceptionsbasedonmemoriesoftheirchildhoodandteenyears. $X"   Parkeretal.factoranalyzedtheirdataandidentifiedfourfactorsforbothmotherand %0!$ father.Ouranalysesyieldedfourfactorsonmothersparentingpractices,explaining59.3%of &"% thevariance,andthreefactorsonfathersparentingpractices,explaining63.0%ofthevariance. '#& Tables1and2identifythefactorsandrevealwhichitemsloadedonwhichfactor. (#' UK.,US.,q USUK.,UK.,US., h+&* O e   @MM' TABLE1  e   FACTORLOADINGFORVARIMAXORTHOGONALFOURFACTORSOLUTION: = MOTHERSPARENTINGSTYLE )  gXXX*Yddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,dd ,dd +     #XXgX\#XX  #XX#ITEMXX )     Factor e  loading )    #XX#  Factor1:MothersCareandAffection  D    Enjoyedtalkingthingsoverwithme    Appearedtounderstandmyproblemsandworries m  CouldmakemefeelbetterwhenIwasupset Y  Frequentlysmiledatme E  Wasaffectionatetome 1  SpoketomewithawarmandfriendlyvoiceXX    #XX#.789    .786 m  .727 Y  .680 E  .649 1  .622XX    #XX#  Factor2:MothersIndifferenceandRejection 8 FSeemedemotionallycoldtome u MademefeelIwasntwanted a Didnotpraiseme M Didnottalkverymuch 9 DidnothelpmeasmuchasIneeded %  DidnotseemtounderstandwhatIneededorwantedXX  ! #XX#.755 u$ .717 a% .689 M& .608 9' .577 %( .450XX  ) #XX#  Factor3:MothersControlandOverprotection ,*   Didnotwantmetogrowup i, Tendedtobabyme U- Wasoverprotectiveofme A. Triedtomakemedependentonher - / TriedtocontroleverythingIdid !0 Invadedmyprivacy "1 FeltIcouldnotlookaftermyselfunlessshewaswithmeXX  "2 #XX#.701 i5 .673 U6 .651 A7 .611 - 8 .588 !9 .537 ": .536XX  #x< #XX#  Factor4:MothersEncouragementofIndependence ]% =   GavemeasmuchfreedomasIwanted 5'"? LetmegooutasoftenasIwanted !(#@ LetmedressinanywayIpleased  )$A LetmedothosethingsIlikedoing )%B Letmedecidethingsformyself *&C LikedmetomakemyowndecisionsXX  +l'D #XX#.812 5'"G .810 !(#H .697  )$I .592 )%J .541 *&K .491 +l'L  ЇXxXXX#XXXXxx#XxXXX@MM'#XXXXx# TABLE2    FACTORLOADINGFORVARIMAXORTHOGONALTHREEFACTORSOLUTION: Z FATHERSPARENTINGSTYLE   F 2XX   `     h *xYdddd dd Y(#(#x,dd ,dd +  [ [    #XX#ITEM  Z     Factor  Z  Loading  F     Factor1:FathersAffectionateCareandEncouragementofIndependence +   Letmedecidethingsformyself   Likedmetomakemyowndecisions   LetmedothosethingsIlikedoing v  GavemeasmuchfreedomasIwanted b Spoketomewithawarmandfriendlyvoice N Enjoyedtalkingthingsoverwithme : Frequentlysmiledatme & CouldmakemefeelbetterwhenIwasupset w LetmegooutasoftenasIwanted c Appearedtounderstandmyproblemsandworries O Wasaffectionatetome ; LetmedressinanywayIpleasedXX  ' #XX##.849   .823   .812 v  .777 b .769 N  .765 :! .762 &" .757 w# .751 c$ .749 O% .747 ;& .629XX  '' #XX %#  Factor2:FathersIndifferenceandRejection B( c%Didnotalkverymuch * Seemedemotionallycoldtome k+ Didnotpraiseme W, DidnotseemtounderstandwhatIneededorwanted C - DidnothelpmeasmuchasIneeded /!. MademefeelIwasntwantedXX  "/ #XX&#.828 2 .807 k3 .741 W4 .736 C 5 .686 /!6 .650XX  "7 #XX'#  Factor3:FathersControlandOverprotection #68 (Wasoverprotectiveofme s%!: Didnotwantmetogrowup _&!; TriedtocontroleverythingIdid K'"< Tendedtobabyme 7(#= Invadedmyprivacy #)$> Triedtomakemedependentonhim *%? FeltIcouldnotlookaftermyselfunlesshewaswithmeXX  *&@ #XX)#.768 s%!C .734 _&!D .670 K'"E .662 7(#F .661 #)$G .635 *%H .569XX *&I  #XX*# ,'I    Thesesevenfactorswereemployedasindependentorpredictorvariablesinregressions Q onthespiritualityoftheteensandyoungadultswhowereGenXers,allbornaround197172.In = addition,рsixvariablesdrawnfromtheveryfirstyearofthestudy(1987)werealsousedas ) independentvariables.Theywereasfollows:    FatheramemberoftheAdventistchurch0  0p(#(# yesor no tp(#p(#   MotheramemberoftheAdventistchurch0  0p(#(# yesor no `p(#p(#   Frequencyoffatherschurchattendance0  0p(#(# neverto nearlyeveryweek L p(#p(#   Frequencyofmotherschurchattendance0  0p(#(# neverto nearlyeveryweek 8 p(#p(#   Relationshipwithfather0 h 0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(# verycloseto distant$ p(#p(#   Relationshipwithmother0 h 0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(# verycloseto distantu p(#p(#   Whilewehavenodataontheagesoftheparents,mostofthemmaybepresumedtobe M  babyboomers(bornafter1946)orwithinafewyearsofthisclassification. 9    Thedependentvaluewasthespiritualityofteenagersandyoungadults.Tomeasurethis  constructwedrewitemsfromthefirstyearquestionnaire(1987)whentherespondentswere  teenagersandthenagainfromthesixthyearsurvey(199293)whentheywereyoungadultsof  2021yearsofage. p  GenXVariables:SpiritualExperienceofTeenagersandYoungAdults  H Year1:15and16yearsold     Positivefeelingstowardreligion:0  0(#(# stronglydisagreeto stronglyagree](#(#    ` Religionisimportantinmylife I    ` IhavealoveexperiencewithJesusChrist 5    ` Imhappywithmyreligion !   Frequencyofparticipationinpractices:  neverto almosteveryday      ` Worshipwiththefamily !     ` Praypersonally "l!    ` ReadtheBible #X"   ThesesixitemsweremadeintoascalenamedPERSONALRELIGION,YEAR1 %0!$   Alpha=.749 &"%   ,'+ Year6:20and21yearsold e   Importanceofreligiousfaith0 h 0h(#h(#From notimportantinfluenceto mostimportant=(#(#   Frequencyofworshipattendance0  From neverto nearlyeveryweek)(#(#   Holdofficeorservicepositioninchurch0  0p(#(# Noor Yesp(#p(#   Frequencyofpersonalprayer0 h 0h(#h(#From neverto daily (#(#   FrequencyofBiblereading0 h 0h(#h(#From neverto daily (#(#   ThesefiveitemsweremadeintoascalenamedPERSONALRELIGION,YEAR6  `   Alpha=.802  L  @ww& Findings  $    Thethirteenindependentvariables!perceivedparentingpracticesandreligious a  customs!wereregressedonPERSONALRELIGION,YEAR1andPERSONALRELIGION, M  YEAR6.ThefindingsaredisplayedinTables3and4. 9  USUK.,.UK.,US.,;   XXXXUSUK.,@MM' TABLE3  @REGRESSIONOFBOOMERPARENTALCHARACTERISTICSON p @ PERSONALRELIGIONYEAR1OFGENXOFFSPRING  \ ________________________________________________________________ 4 ________________________________________________________________   Step  Variable    h      p   MultR  Rsq x Beta+ ] _____________________________________________________________________________ I Ѐ1  Relationshipwithmother0    .315  .099 x .288**5(#(# ̀2  Frequencyoffatherschurchattendance p   .363  .132 x .158**   ̀3  Fathersindifferenceandrejection0 p   .385  .148 x .113**! p(#p(# Ѐ "l! Ѐ4  Frequencyofmotherschurchattendance p   .399  .160 x .105* #X" ̀50  Mothersencouragementofindependence0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#.407  .166 x .079*%0!$(#(# _____________________________________________________________________________ &"% +Allbetastakenfromfinalstepofequation Y(#' *Allbetassignificantatorbeyondthe.05level E)$( **Allbetassignificantatorbeyondthe.01level#XXX X,<# XXXX 1*%) #XXX XC#UK.,US.,K<   ,'+  XXXXUSUK.,@MM' TABLE4 = @REGRESSIONOFBOOMERPARENTALCHARACTERISTICSON  @ PERSONALRELIGIONYEAR6OFGENXOFFSPRING    ________________________________________________________________  t ________________________________________________________________  ` Step  Variable    h      p   MultR  Rsq x Beta+  8  _____________________________________________________________________________ $  Ѐ1  Frequencyoffatherschurchattendance0  0p(#(#0p(#p(#.163  .027 x .118**u (#(# ̀2  Motherscontrolandoverprotection0  0p(#(#0p(#p(#.225  .051 x .138**M (#(# ̀3  Motherscareandaffection0 h 0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#.266  .071 x #%(#(# Ѐ  Ѐ4  Mothersencouragementofindependence0  0p(#(#0p(#p(#.295  .087 x .177**(#(# ̀50  Relationshipwithmother0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#.315  .099 x .152**p(#(# ̀6  Frequencyofmotherschurchattendance0  0p(#(#0p(#p(#.3270 (#(#.1070x (# (#.087*Hx(#x(# ̀70  Fathersaffectionatecare/encouragementofindependence0(#(#.3370 (#(#.1140x (# (#.130** x(#x(# ̀80  Remove Motherscareandaffection0(#(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#.3320 (#(#.1100x (# (#]x(#x(# ̀90  Mothersindifferenceandrejection0(#(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#.3420 (#(#.1170x (# (#.088*9x(#x(# _____________________________________________________________________________ % +Allbetastakenfromfinalstepofequation   *Allbetassignificantatorbeyondthe.05level !  **Allbetassignificantatorbeyondthe.01level#XXX XD# XXXX "p! #XXX XO#UK.,US.,'D#Nobetainfinalstepbecauseremovedfromregressioninstep8 #\"   ForPERSONALRELIGIONYEAR1themostimportantpredictorwas relationship & "% withmother.Becauseoftheorderingoftheresponsesthenegativebetaindicatesthatastronger q' #& relationshipwithmotherisassociatedwithgreaterspirituality. ](#'   Modellingisseenasveryimportant.Thefrequencyofchurchattendanceofboththe 5*%) motherandthefatheraresignificantpredictorsofteenagespirituality.Notably,neitherthe !+&* fathersnorthemotherschurchmembershipwasselectedintheregression!onlyattendance.  ,'+ Ї  IninterpretingthefactorscoresitshouldbenotedthatbecauseofthewayParkeretal. e arrangedtheresponsechoicesapositivebetameans veryunlikethemwhileanegativebeta Q standsfor verylikethem.Therefore, fathersindifferenceandrejectioninthisregression = withitspositivebetaindicatesthatsuchindifferenceandrejectionareassociatedwithlower ) levelsofspirituality.Thesameistruefor mothersencouragementofindependence.    ForPERSONALRELIGIONYEAR6modellingisonceagainimportantasfathers   churchattendanceischosennumber1andmothers,number6.Relationshipwithmotherisstill  t important. Motherscontrolandoverprotectionwithitspositivebetasuggestsagainthatsuch  ` behavioursarelinkedwithlowerlevelsofspiritualityintheyoungadultwhoremembersthem  L  thatway.Thesameistruefor mothersencouragementofindependenceasitwasfiveyears  8  earlier. $    Thenegativebetaon fathersaffectionatecareandencouragementofindependence a  suggeststhatthesefatherparentingpracticesinchildhoodarepredictorsofheightened M  spiritualitywhenthechildreachesyoungadulthood.Withthemotherscoresthesetwofactors 9  wereseparateones,butwiththefathertheywerejoinedtogether.Sincetheitemsmeasuring %  independencewerenegativelycorrelatedwithspiritualityforthemother,wemightassumethat  the affectionatecareitemscastthemostinfluenceinthisfactorandresultinapositive  outcome.    Thenegativebetafor mothersindifferenceandrejectionisthemostdifficultfindingin \ eitherregressiontointerpretsinceitiscounterintuitive.Thismaybeastatisticalflukesinceitis H barelysignificantat.047. Motherscareandaffectionwasenteredinstep3,butsinceitwas 4 removedinstep8,itwillnotbenecessarytotrytointerpretthiscounterintuitivefinding.   @% Conclusions  ]   Whatlinksconnectthereligiousexperienceofbabyboomerparentswiththatoftheir 5 generationXchildren?Inthisstudy,examplefiguresprominently.Ifthefatherandthemother ! bothattendedchurchregularly,theyoungpersonwasmorelikelytoexhibitdeeperspirituality,   notonlyasateenagerbutalsofiveyearslaterafterbecomingayoungadultwithpresumably   diminishedparentalinfluence.Whatparentsdocontinuestohaveaninfluenceontheirchildren !  evenaftertheyleavehome. "l!   Bothregressionsalsoincludeacloserelationshipwithmotherasanimportantpredictor. $D # Parentalpracticeismorelikelytobeacceptedbyteenagersandyoungadultsifanintimatebond %0!$ isestablishedbetweenthem.Incontrast,acloserelationshipwithfatherwasnotsignificantin &"% eitherregression.Whilethezeroordercorrelationwasintheexpecteddirection,itwasweak m'#& andcouldnotreachsignificanceinthepresenceofmorerobustvariables.Thismayindicatethat Y(#' arelationshipwithmotherismoreimportantinthedevelopingspirituallifethanonewithfather. E)$( Ateenagermayhavehadmorecontactwiththemother,duetothefatherbeingoftenawayfrom 1*%) home.Becausemorefathersthanmotherswerenotchurchmembers,moreopportunitymay +&* haveexistedforthetransmissionofthemothersspiritualvalues.  ,'+ Ї  Oneinterestingfindingisthatinbothregressionsthemothersencouragementof e independencewasassociatedwithlowerlevelsofspirituality.Sincehelpingyoungpeople Q achieveindependenceisanimportanttaskofparenting,thismayseempuzzling.However, = readingthelistofitemsthatcomprisethisfactor(seeTable1)suggestsasolution.Theyseemto ) bemorelaissezfairethananencouragementofhowtomakepersonaldecisions.Basically,the  mothertakesa handsoffpositionandsays: Dowhateveryoulike.Idontcare.This   actuallyshowsalackofcaringand,therefore,islikelytoleadtheyouthtowriteofftheparental   values.Whileteenagersneedopportunitiesforindependentdecisionmakingtheyalsoneed  t guidance.Wideopenfreedomisnotconducivetothedevelopmentofspiritualvalues.  `   Finally,bothfathersindifferenceandrejectionandmotherscontrolandoverprotection  8  predictlowerlevelsofspiritualityintheteenagersandyoungadults.Neitheroftheextremesof $  permissivenessortightcontrolisoptimalforchildrearing.Abalanceisneededbetweenthetwo u  poles.Thatbalancecallsforwarmrelationshipsandencouragementofindependentthought a  withintheboundsoflovingparentaldirection. M  @*@BB& Reference   Parker,Gordon,HilaryTupling,andL.B.Brown.1979.Aparentalbondinginstrument.British  JournalofMedicalPsychology52:110. p